Inkxaso yomhlaba kunye neConcrete etshiziweyo

Uhlobo olutsha lwekhonkrithi etshisiweyo kusetyenziswa i-coarse-grained aggregates kunye nesamente enezongezo ezikhethekileyo ukukhawulezisa ukuqina kwekhonkrithi iye yaphuhliswa eYurophu.

Eyaziwa ngokuba yi "shotcrete" ifumene isicelo esikhulayo njengendlela yokuxhasa umhlaba ukumba phantsi komhlaba eYurophu naseMntla Melika.

Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwimigodi engaphantsi komhlaba kuye kwavavanywa ubukhulu becala.Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ingasetyenziselwa indawo yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuxhasa umhlaba phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo eziphantsi komhlaba kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezimbi, ezifana ne-talc schist kunye neemeko ezimanzi kakhulu, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuzisebenzisa ngempumelelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-shotcrete njengendlela yokuxhasa umhlaba kwimigodi engaphantsi komhlaba kulindeleke ukuba kwandiswe.I-samente efafaziweyo kunye neentlobo zeplastiki zezongezo ziyaqhubeka ezinokuthi zandise ngakumbi ububanzi bokusetyenziswa kwayo.Ikhonkrithi etshiziweyo eyayanyaniswa nomnatha wocingo sele ifumana ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kwimingxuma engaphantsi komhlaba.

Ukusetyenziswa kweShotcrete

Kwakukho iindlela ezimbini zokuxuba i-coarse-aggregate shotcrete, eyile, umxube omanzi kunye nomxube owomileyo ubandakanya ukuxutywa kwazo zonke izinto zekhonkrithi ngamanzi kunye nokumpompa umxube ongqindilili ngombhobho wokuhambisa ukuya kumbhobho, apho umoya owongezelelweyo wongezwa kunye imathiriyeli itshizwa kumphezulu wesifundo.Inkqubo eyomileyo-xix ivumela ukungeniswa lula kwee-accelerators ngokubanzi i-admixtures ye-soluble yamanzi, ngaloo ndlela ikhawuleza inkqubo ye-hydration.Ii-accelerators ziye zaphuhliswa ezenza ikhonkrithi ibambelele kwiindawo zamatye kunye nokubeka phantsi komsinga onzima wamanzi.

Oomatshini bokuxutywa okumanzi abakaphuhliswa ukuya kwinqanaba apho banokubamba khona ii-aggregates ezinkulu kune-3/4 in. Ezi ntlobo zoomatshini zisetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa phantsi komhlaba kunokuba zixhase umhlaba ombi.Amachine olu hlobo lokwenyaniso Gun-Zonke Model H, isasazwe yinkampani izixhobo zemigodi, kwaye esetyenziswa ngokwentelekiso eqhelekileyo kwizicelo eziphantsi komhlaba apho ukutyabeka obhityileyo ikhonkrithi ukuya malunga 2in.ngqindilili kunye ne-aggregate malunga ne-1/2 in. ubungakanani obukhulu bufunekayo kwimeko eyomileyo.

Umsebenzi oxhasayo we-Shortcrete

I-Shotcrete ingasetyenziselwa njengesakhiwo okanye njengenkxaso engeyiyo yesakhiwo.Ubuthathaka kumatye eplastiki kunye nemihlaba engahambelaniyo ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo esiqinileyo, esinobuchule ukukhusela umhlaba ukuba ukhululeke kwaye ugeleze kwindawo yokuvula.Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa i-intshi ezi-4 okanye ngaphezulu ze-shotcrete.

Kumatye afanelekileyo, ingasetyenziselwa amalungu kunye nokwaphuka ukuthintela iintshukumo ezincinci zamatye ezidala uxinzelelo kunye nokusilela.I-shotcrete isetyenziswe kwi-2 ukuya kwi-4 in. engqindilili kumatye arhabaxa ukuzalisa iintanda kunye nemingxuma ukudala umphezulu othe tyaba kunye nokuphelisa iziphumo zenotshi, kuphela isicelo esincinci esifunekayo kwiindawo ezigudileyo.Kule meko, i-matrix yekhonkrithi edityanisiweyo ngokusondeleyo isebenza njengeglu yokubamba izitshixo kunye neewedji ezixhasa amaqhekeza amakhulu amatye kwaye ekugqibeleni i-arch yetonela.Olu hlobo lwesicelo luqhelekileyo eSweden, apho uyilo lwenkxaso ye-tunnel esekelwe kwi-shotcrete ithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kunye neendleko eziphantsi.

I-shotcrete isenokusetyenziswa kwimo yeshiti elibhityileyo ukukhusela imiphezulu yamatye esanda kugrunjwa ekuhlaselweni nasekuwohlokeni ngumoya namanzi.Kule fomu, i-memebrane eguquguqukayo eqhubekayo apho uxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric lungenza njengenkxaso.

Ukuthelekiswa kweGunite kunye neShotcrete

I-coarse-aggregate shotcrete iyahluka kwi-gunite exutywe ngokufanayo kwaye isetyenzisiwe kuba i-shotcrete yikonkrithi yokwenyani equlathe i-coare (ukuya ku-1.25 kwi) ilitye kumdibaniso wayo, ngelixa i-gunite iqhelekile ludaka lwesanti yesamente.I-shotcrete iyahluka kwi-gunite ekusebenziseni kwaye isebenza ngeendlela ezilandelayo:

1) Igunite ithanda ukwenza uqweqwe olucekethekileyo lwelitye, kodwa i-shotcrete xa ifakwe ngokukhawuleza emva kokuqhushumba iya kubonelela zombini itywina kunye nenkxaso ukuzinzisa ilitye elitsha.Ibhondi eyomeleleyo ye-shotcrete-rock kucingelwa ukuba ibangelwe kwisenzo semixube ekhawulezileyo ephuhliswe ngokukodwa engavumeli ikhonkrithi ukuba icothe imke kumphezulu wamatye isiphumo sokukroba samasuntswana adityanisiweyo amakhulu kumasuntswana acikizekileyo kunye noyilo loyilo. oomatshini bokunciphisa abasetyenziswayo.

2) I-shotcrete isebenzisa i-aggregate enkulu (ukuya kwi-1.25) enokuthi ixutywe nesamente kunye nesanti kwisiqulatho sayo sokufuma ngaphandle kokumisa okuxabisa okuhlala kufunwa nge-gunite.Isenokusetyenziswa kungqingqwa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-6 kwi-intshi enye, ngelixa i-gunite ithintelwe kubukhulu obungekho ngaphezulu kwe-intshi enye.Ngaloo ndlela i-shotcrete ngokukhawuleza iba yinkxaso eyomeleleyo kunye nokuzinzisa komhlaba ovulekileyo.

3) I-accelerating admixtures esetyenziswa ekudubuleni inceda ekufezekiseni iqhina kunye nelitye, nangona i-shotcrete inokuba buthathaka kunekhonkrithi eqhelekileyo yemilinganiselo yomxube ofanayo kodwa ine-accelerator encinci.Ayinamanzi kwaye ibonakaliswe ngamandla okuqala aphezulu (malunga ne-200 psi kwiyure enye), ngenxa ye-admixtures kuphela kodwa kunye neqondo lokuxinana elifunyenwe kwisantya sempembelelo ye-250-500ft.ngomzuzwana.kunye namanzi aphantsi / umlinganiselo wesamente (malunga ne-0.35).I-Shotcrete, enezongezo ezikhethekileyo, inokuguqula ilitye lamandla amancinci libe lizinzile, kwaye libuthathaka kumatye eplastiki afafazwe ngalo linokuhlala lizinzile kunye neesentimitha ezimbalwa zenkxaso ye-shotcrete.Ngenxa yeepropathi zayo ezirhubuluzayo, i-shotcrete inokugcina utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiinyanga okanye iminyaka ngaphandle kokusilela ngokuqhekeka.